dominant antigen extracted from the viral structure, such as Hepatitis B vaccines.
Recombinant DNA technology enabled the design of vectored vaccines (Chapter 11)
such as adeno-vectored vaccines against Ebola, SARS-CoV-2 infections, virus like-
particle vaccines (Chapter 10) such as human papilloma virus vaccine, and re-
combinant protein vaccines such as recombinant hemagglutinin as the first approved
influenza vaccine of its kind. An emerging class of vaccines based on delivery of
genomic components of the virus include DNA vaccines and mRNA vaccines
(Chapter 12). Over the COVID-19 pandemic, a remarkable demonstration has been
made on safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2
infection, establishing this vaccine technology platform as a major technological jump
in vaccinology. As data collected for phase 4 following the vaccine approval and
commercialization of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are compiled, more insights will be
provided on the long-term protection of this class of vaccines. This textbook will
detail the design, development, manufacturing of these different classes of vaccines
within the core chapters and will illustrate with several case studies each class of these
cell-culture produced vaccines.
New approaches based on vaccination using cells as antigen presenter cells
(dendritic cells) are evaluated in pre-clinical and clinical trials showing some ef-
fectiveness in treatment of cancer, which falls in this case under the umbrella of
therapeutic vaccines that is extensively documented in a number of reviews [17],
but will not be discussed in this first textbook edition.
Traditionally, virus productions used live animals such as chickens’ embryo-
nated eggs to grow the virus in specific egg cavities and collect the virus thereafter
in a specific cavity, as illustrated in Figure 1.2.
FIGURE 1.1 Description of the different types of vaccines and their possible interaction
with the immune system. Credit for the design: Kumar Subramaniam.
Viral vaccines
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